Annotation guidelines
corpora annotated for multiword expressions

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Structural tests (S)

Structural tests are quite simple preliminary tests that help determining the syntactic structure of the VMWE. This is required in order to point at the right category-specific identification tests. In practice, annotators will rarely need them since they will already have an intuition about the VMWE candidate category when they identify it.

Test S.1 - [HEAD] - Syntactic head

Does the candidate contain a unique verb functioning as the functional syntactic head of the whole?

• Apply the VID-specific tests
  تنلاصبرbe patient you getif you stay patient you will get what you want →non of the verbs is clearly the head, as there in no universally accepted syntactic representations of coordinations
  цъфна и вържа → none of the verbs is clearly the head, as there is no universally accepted syntactic representation of coordination
  leben und leben lassen live and let live → none of the verbs is clearly the head, as there is no universally accepted syntactic representation of coordination
  έδωσε πήρεedose pire gave3SG.PA took3SG.PA he succeeded none of the verbs is clearly the head, as there is no universally accepted syntactic representation of coordination
  to pretty-print → there is an unusual case of an adjective modifying a verb
  to drink and drive → none of the verbs is clearly the head, as there is no universally accepted syntactic representation of coordination
  coser y cantarto_sew and to_singeasy as pie, a piece of cake
  ikusi eta ikasi see and learn → none of the verbs is clearly the head
  ag cur is ag cúiteamh arguing and debating arguing back and forth → none of the verbs is clearly the head, as there is no universally accepted syntactic representation of coordination
  ἠντεβόλει καὶ ἱκετεύεēntebolei kai iketeue supplicate.3SG and beseech.3SG he begged and beseeched
  žariti i paliti to stoke and to burn to be powerful , vedriti i oblačiti to brighten and to cloud to be poweful → none of the verbs is clearly the head, as there is no universally accepted syntactic representation of coordination
  vivi e lascia vivere live and let live → none of the verbs is clearly the head, as there is no universally accepted syntactic representation of coordination
  leven en laten leven live and let live → none of the verbs is clearly the head, as there is no universally accepted syntactic representation of coordination
  pluć i łapać to spit and catchto be lazy, to do nothing useful → none of the verbs is clearly the head, as there is no universally accepted syntactic representation of coordination
  pintar e bordar paint and knit to abuse
  živi in pusti živeti to live and let live to live and let live → none of the verbs is clearly the head, as there is no universally accepted syntactic representation of coordination
  hyr e dil come and go come and go none of the verbs is clearly the head, as there is no universally accepted syntactic representation of coordination
  ведрити и облачити vedriti i oblačiti to brighten and cloud to be very powerful
  што не иде не иде što ne ide ne ide what doesn't go, doesn't go don't force something → none of the verbs is clearly the head, as there is no universally accepted syntactic representation of coordination
  det knallar och går it trots and walks it is OK/as usual → none of the verbs is clearly the head, as there is no universally accepted syntactic representation of coordination
• continue to the next test
  ريح للرجليه أسلمhe gave his feets to the wind he runs away so fast → أسلمto give is the head and the NP depends on it
  гушна букета to hug the bunch of flowers to die → гушна is the head and the NP depends on it
  правя на салата to make into salad to scold → правя is the head and the PP depends on it
  eine Fratze ziehen a grimace pull to make a face → ziehen is the head and the NP depends on it
  er gibt auf he gives up → gibt is the head and auf is the particle depending on it
  κάνω γκριμάτσαkano grikatsa to make grimace to make a face κάνω is the head and the NP depends on it
  παίρνω μία απόφασηperno mia apofasi take a decision to make a decision, to decide παίρνω is the head and the NP depends on it
  βάζω μπροςvazo bros put forward to start βάζω is the head and μπρος depends on it
  to make a face → make is the head and the NP depends on it
  to give up → give is the head and up is a particle depending on it
  dar la cara to_put the face face the consequences → dar is the head and the NP depends on it
  hacer muecas to_make grimmaces to make a face → hacer is the head and the NP depends on it
  lan egin work do to work → the verb egin is the head and the NP depends on it
  éirigh as rise out of quit → the verb éirigh is the head and the particle as depends on it
  χάριν ἔχειkharin ekhei gratitude.ACC have.3SG he is grateful → ἔχει is the head and the NP depends on it
  složiti facu make a face to show reaction → složiti is the head and the NP depends on it
  fare le linguacce to_make the grimaces → fare is the head and the NP depends on it
  far fuori to_make out to kill → fare is the head and fuori is a particle depending on it
  naar de bekende weg vragen to ask for the known road up → vragen is the head and naar de bekende weg is the extended NP depending on it
  zbijać bąki to smash fartsto fool around, to do nothing useful→ zbijać is the head and the NP bąki depends on it
  dać komuś popalićto let someone smoketo make someone's life hard → dać is the head and the infinitive popalić depends on it
  bater as botas → bater is the head and the NP depends on it
  criar vergonha na cara → criar is the head and the two NPs depend on it
  a face baie to make bath to bath → face is the head and the NP depends on it
  a ieși înainte to go forth to greet → ieși is the head and înainte is a particle depending on it
  imeti krompir to have potatoes to be lucky → imeti is the head and the NP depends on it
  heq dorë remove hand give up heq is the head, and dorë depends on it.
  обесити нос obesiti nos hang one's nose to feel down→ обесити is the head and the NP нос depends on it
  седети скрштених руку to seat with arms crossedto be inactive, withut the initiative → седети is the head and the NP (in the instrumental case) скрштене руке depends on it
  att ge upp to give up → ge is the head and upp is the particle depending on it

The aim of this test is to categorize (as VID or no VMWE) those candidates which have no single clearly identified head verb. This is necessary because all other tests refer to the single head verb v and its dependents. Note that for VMWE candidates having the structure of a meaning-preserving variant, the test should be applied to their canonical form instead. This is required because there may be no verb or the verb may not be the syntactic head in such variants.

قرارال أخذ to make a decision passes the test → variants like هأخذ الذيقرار ال the decison that he made, قراراتال أخذ making decisions , مأخوذةقراراتdecisions made passes the test as well
вземам решение passes the test → variants like решението, което беше взето pass the test as well
eine Entscheidung treffen make a decision passes the test → variants like die Entscheidung wurde getroffen the decision was made, die Entscheidung, welche getroffen wurde the decision which was made, das Treffen der Entscheidung the making of the decision pass the test as well
παίρνω μία απόφαση make a decision passes the test → variants like η απόφαση που πήραμε, πάρθηκε απόφαση, παίρνοντας απόφαση pass the test as well
to make a decision passes the test → variants like the decision which was made, decision-making, the making of the decision pass the test as well
tomar una decisión passes the test → variants like la decisión fue tomada, tomando esa decisión, la decisión que tomaron pass the test as well
erabakia hartu decision take to make a decision passes the test → variants like hartutako erabakia the decision (which was) made, erabaki hura hartzea (the fact of) making that decision, erabakiak hartutakoan when the decisions were made pass the test as well
déan comhairle make counsel make a decision passes the test → variants like comhairle a dhéanamh counsel to make to make a decision ag déanamh comhairle at making counsel making a decision
δόξαν ἔχουσιdoxan ekhousi reputation.ACC have.3PL they have a reputation passes the test
δόξαν ἣν ἔνιοι ἔχουσι περὶdoxan hēn enioi ekhousi peri opinion.ACC which some have.3PL about the opinion which some hold about is a variant and passes the test
donijeti odluku make a decision passes the test → variants like odluka donesena tada decision made then pass the test as well
prendere una decisione to_take a decision make a decision passes the test → variants like la decisione è stata presa the decision was made, la decisione, che è stata presa the decision which was made, prendendo la decisione taking the decision pass the test as well
een beslissing nemen to make a decision passes the test → variants like de beslissing werd genomen the decision was made, de beslissing, die genomen werd the decision which was made, het nemen van de beslissing the making of the decision pass the test as well
zbijać bąki to smash fartsto fool around, to do nothing useful passes the test → variants like zbijanie bąków farts smashingfooling around, doing nothing useful, zbijający bąki smashing farts pass the test as well
tomar uma decisão make a decision passes the test → variants like a decisão que foi tomada the decision which was made, decisão tomada decision made pass the test as well
a lua o decizie make a decision passes the test → variants like decizia care a fost luată the decision which was made, luarea deciziei decision-making pass the test as well
zlomiti komu srce to break someone's heart to hurt someone's feelings bad passes the test → variants like srca, ki jih je zlomil hearts which he has broken (people's) feelings which he hurt bad, lomljenje src breaking (people's) hearts hurting (people's) feelings and nedavno zlomljeno srce recently broken heart pass the test as well
marr një vendim take a decision to make a decision variants like vendimi që u mor (the decision that was made), marrja e vendimit (decision-making) pass the test as well.
донети одлуку doneti odluku to bring a decision to make a decision passes the test → variants like одлука је донета odluka je doneta a decision has been made and доношење одлука donošenje odluka decision making pass the test as well

Test S.2 - [1DEP] - Single dependent

Does the VMWE contain exactly one lexicalized (functional) syntactic dependent d of the head verb v?

• Apply the VID-specific tests
  لسانهالقطأكل the cat ate his tongueused to talk about someone who was known to talk a lot, then suddenly we see him silent→ two dependents,لسانه his tongue and القط the cat
  на стар краставичар краставици продавам to an old cucumber seller cucumbers to sell to try to cheat a more experienced person → two dependents, на стар краставичар (PP) and краставици (NP)
  прочитам от корица до корица to read from cover to cover → two dependents, от корица (PP) and до корица (PP)
  правя (нечий) живот черен make someone'l life black to ruin someone's life → two dependents, (нечий) живот (NP) and черен (small clause)
  die Katze aus dem Sack lassen to let the cat out of the bag → two dependents die Katze and aus dem Sack
  κάνω την καρδιά μου πέτραkano tin kardia mu petra make the heart mine stone two dependents, την καρδιά and πέτρα
  δίνω τόπο στην οργήdino topo stin orγi give place to anger to hold in one's anger two dependents, τόπο and στην οργή
  to make ends meet → two dependents, ends and meet
  to let the cat out of the bag → two dependents, the cat and out of the bag
  dejar con la miel en los labios to_leave with the honey in the lips leave (sb) wanting more → two dependents, con la miel and en los labios
  dar gato por liebre to_give cat for hare to rip off, to take for a ride → two dependents, gato and por liebre
  odolkiak ordainetan eman black-puddings in-exchange give to do something as a response to something somebody has done to oneself (similar to 'what goes around comes around')
  ići glavom kroz zid to go with head through the wall to be stubborn → two dependents glavom and kroz zid
  mettere il carro davanti ai buoi to_put the cart in front of the oxen put the cart in front of the horse → two dependents carro and davanti ai buoi
  een kat in de zak kopen to buy a pig in a poke → two dependents kat and in de zak
  chować głowę w piasek to hide head in sandto pretend not to see a problem → two dependents, głowę head and w piasek in sand
  bać się własnego cienia to fear SELF one's own shadowto be very timid → two dependents, się SELF and własnego cienia own shadow
  tapar o sol com a peneira to hide the sun with a sieve to sugar-coat → two dependents
  a da bir cu fugițiito give tribute with fugitives theto disappear→ two dependents, bir and cu fugiții
  a- i ieși ochii din cap to his come out eyes the from head to stare→ three dependents, i, which is a non-RCLI, ochii, and din cap
  skrivati glavo v pesekto hide head in sand to pretend not to see a problem → two dependents, glavahead and v pesekin sand
  vlečeš me za nosyou are pulling my nose you're pulling my leg → two dependents, meme and za nosmy nose
  I hedh benzinë zjarrit I throw gasoline on the fire To make a situation worse (aggravate a problem) Two dependents: benzinë and zjarrit
  ићи линијом мањег отпора ići linijom manjeg otpora go down the line of less resistanceto take the path of least resistance → two dependents, линијом linijom line and мањег отпора manjeg otpora less resistence
  продати рог за свећу prodati rog za sveću to sell a horn for a candle to deceive somebody on purpose → two dependents, рог rog horn and za sveću за свећу for a candle
  att sätta sig upp mot någon to sit oneslef up against someone To defy someone → two dependents, sig and upp
• Continue to the next test
  مثلاً ضرب hit an example to give examlpe → the single dependent is a noun phrase,مثلاًexample
  ритам камбаната kick the bell to die → the single dependent is a noun phrase, камбаната
  ставам на кайма turn into mince to be destroyed → the single dependent is a prepositional phrase, на кайма
  одирам жив skin alive to make someone suffer → the single dependent is an small clause (adjective), жив
  eine Fratze ziehen a grimace pull to make a face → the single dependent is a noun phrase, Fratze
  , in Betracht ziehen to take into consideration → the single dependent is a prepositional phrase, in Betracht
  er gibt auf he gives up → the single dependent is a particle auf
  παίρνω σκληρά μέτραperno sklira metra take hard measures take strict measures → the single dependent is a noun phrase, μέτρα → the single dependent is a noun phrase
  φέρω βαρέωςfero vareos bring heavily to resent the single dependent is an adverb, βαρέως
  to make a face → the single dependent is a noun phrase, face
  to take into account → the single dependent is a prepositional phrase, into account
  to take turns → the single dependent is a noun, turns
  to give up → the single dependent is a particle, up
  hacer muecas to_make grimmaces to make faces → the single dependent is a noun phrase, muecas
  tener en cuenta to_have in account to take into account → the single dependent is a prepositional phrase, en cuenta
  min eman pain give to hurt (somebody) → the single dependent is a noun phrase, min
  kontuan hartu into-account take to take into account → the single dependent is a noun phrase with a postpositional suffix, kontuan
  bain triail get trial try → the single dependent is a noun, éirigh as rise out of quit → the single dependent is a particle
  περὶ πολλοῦ ποιέομαιperi pollou poieomai above much.GEN do.1SG I hold in high esteem → the single dependent is a prepositional phrase
  τιμωρίαν ποιέομαιtimо̄rian poieomai punishment.ACC do.1SG I punish → the single dependent is an NP
  imati osjećaj to have a feeling → the single dependent is a noun, osjećaj
  
  fare le linguacce to_make the grimaces to make a face → the single dependent is a noun phrase linguacce
  prendere in considerazione to take into consideration → the single dependent is a prepositional phrase, in considerazione
  egli lo fa fuori he kills him → the single dependent is a particle fuori
  opgeven to give up → the single dependent is a particle, op
  bić na alarm to strike on alarmto raise the alarm → the single dependent is a prepositional phrase, na alarm on alarm
  cholera wie cholera knowsI have no idea→ the single dependent is the nominal subject cholera
  cometer um crime to commit a crime → one dependent
  a face fațăto make faceto to deal with→ the single dependent is a noun phrase, față
  a ieși înainte → the single dependent is an adverb, înainte
  gre za it is about → the single dependent is a particle, za
  smejati se to laugh → the single dependent is a reflexive clitic, se
  imeti mačka to have a hangover → the single dependent is a noun, maček
  
  hedh poshtë Throw down To reject or dismiss the single dependent: poshtë (adverb)
  ићи као алва ići kao alva go like halva to sell well → the single dependent is a prepositional phrase, као алва kao alva as halva
  језик прегризао bite off your tonguedo not foresee bad things→ the single dependent is the NP језик jezik tongue
  att ge upp to give up → the single dependent i s the particle upp

The test covers only lexicalized dependents. There may be other, non-lexicalized dependents, which the test ignores. We explicitly call the non-verbal elements dependents instead of arguments or complements because argument-adjunct distinction is irrelevant. The outcome of the test is positive if the verb has a single lexicalized dependent, which can be the subject, the direct or indirect object, but also an adverbial complement, adverb, particle, relative clause, etc.

Test S.3 - [LEX-SUBJ] - Lexicalized subject

Is the single lexicalized (functional) syntactic dependent d of the head verb v its subject?

• Apply the VID-specific tests
  أوزارها الحرب وضعت the war put its weights the war is over →الحرب is the subject of وضعت
  чашата преля the glass overflowed this is the last straw → чашата is the subject of преля
  ein kleines Vöglein hat mir gezwitschert a little bird told me
  μου είπε ένα πουλάκιmu ipe ena pulaki me told a little-bird a little bird told me → a little bird is the subject of told
  a little bird told someone → a little bird is the subject of told
  ha llegado tu hora has arrived your time your time has come → tu hora is the subject of ha llegado
  me lo ha dicho un pajarito it to_me has told a little_bird a little bird has told me → un pajarito is the subject of ha dicho
  txoritxo batek esan → txoritxo batek is the subject of esan
  ptičica mi je šapnula a little bird whispered to me → ptičica is the subject of šapnula
  me lo ha detto l'uccellino a little bird told me → l'uccellino is the subject of ha detto
  boontje komt om zijn loontje he that mischief hatches, mischief catches
  licho wie devil knowsI have no idea
  a sua hora chegou your time has arrived your time has come
  um passarinho me contou que ... a little-bird me.DAT told that ... little bird told me that...
  a șoptit o păsăricăwhispered a bird little a little bird told someone
  srce pade v hlače komu (someone's) heart drops into the pants one is lacking courage to do something → srce heart is the subject of pade falls , sekira pade v med komu (someone's) hatchet falls in honey one gets lucky → sekira hatchet is the subject of pade falls
  Më zuri koka My head caught me I got a headache Koka (head) is the single lexicalized dependent, functioning as the subject of the verb zuri (caught).
  иде некоме карта ide nekome karta the card goes for someone to have luck → карта is the subject of иде
  пасти некоме камен са срца pasti nekome kamen sa srca a stone falls from one's hearth to feel relieved → карта is the subject of пасти
• Continue to the next test
  زيارة ب قام he did with visit to make a visit→ زيارة is the object of قام
  обичам чашката love the glass to be an alcoholic
  вземам назаем take in loan to borrow
  намирам се find SELF to be situated
  κάνω μια ευχήkano mia efchi do a wish to make a wish μία ευχή is the object of είπε
  to make a wish → a wish is the object of make
  pedir un deseo to_ask a wish to make a wish → un deseo is the object of pedir
  hitz eman→ hitz is the object of eman
  λόγοις χράομαιlogois khraomai word.DAT use.1SG I speak λόγοις is the object of χράομαι
  napraviti prekršaj to make an offense → prekršaj is the object of napraviti
  dare spettacolo to_make a scene → spettacolo is the object of dare
  een toespraak houden→ toespraak is the object of houden
  bać się fear SELFto be afraid
  chodzić prostą drogą to go (on) a straight road.INST to avoid complications
  zacznać od zera to start from zero to start from scratch
  plouă cu găleata rains with bucket-the It rains heavily → cu găleata is the adverbial of plouă
  imeti glavo na ramenih to have head on shoulders to be sensible → glava head is the object of imeti have
  marr hua take loan to borrow hua (loan) is the single lexicalized dependent, functioning as the object of the verb marr (take).
  тврдити пазар tvrditi pazar to secure shopping to pretend not to be interested in order to gain more → пазар is the object of тврдити
  обрати бостан obrati bostan to pick melon to be ruined → бостан is the object of обрати

This test captures the fact that VMWEs with lexicalized subjects always belong to the VID category. Note that for the VMWE candidates having the structure of a meaning-preserving variant, the test should be applied to their canonical form instead. This is required because there may be no verb or the verb may not be the syntactic head in such variants.

Test S.4 - [CATEG] - Category of the dependent

What is the morphosyntactic category of the (functional) dependent d that co-occurs with the head verb v?

• Reflexive clitic - apply IRV tests. If the outcome is negative, discard the VMWE candidate.
Arabic does not have IRV expressions
страхувам се fear myself.REFL to be afraid
радвам се feel joy myself.REFL to feel joy
sich wundern to wonder, sichschämen to be ashamed
. Modern Greek does not have IRV expressions
English does not have IRV expressions
suicidarse to suicide, quejarse to complain
n.a.
se suicider to suicide, s'évanouir to faint
–– This category does not apply to Ancient Greek.
čuditi se to wonder, penjati se to climb
suicidarsi to suicide, vergognarsi to be ashamed
zich vergissen to be mistaken, zich schamen to be ashamed
bać się fear SELFto be afraid
suicidar-se to suicide, queixar-se to complain
a se sinucide to commit suicide with obligatory ACC reflexive clitic
a se holba to stare with obligatory ACC reflexive clitic
čuditi se to wonder, smejati se to laugh, onesvestiti se to faint
mërzitem bore myself get bored kujtohem remember myself remember
знојити се znojiti se sweat SELFto sweat
откравити се otkraviti se to melt SELFto relax, to cheer up
• Particle (as opposed to an adposition) - apply VPC tests. If the outcome is negative, discard VMWE candidate.
Bulgarian does not have VPC expressions
anfangento begin, er fängt anhe begins, er hat angefangen he has begun → in German, VPCs may occur separated or within one word, we annotate all occurrences!
ich schlage vor I propose
παίρνω μπροςperno bros take forward to get started
to give up, to look forward to
n.a.
n.a.
–– This category does not apply to Ancient Greek.
biti na to be onto to look like
far fuori to_make out to kill, lo fa fuorihe kills him , lo ha fatto fuori he killed him
aanvangento begin, iets vangt aansth begins → in Dutch, VPCs may occur separated or within one word, we annotate all occurrences!
ik stel voor I propose
Polish does not have VPC expressions
jogar fora to-throw outside to discard, throw away
Romanian does not have VPC expressions
n.a.
Albanian does not have VPC expressions.
n.a.
• Verb with no lexicalized dependent - apply MVC tests. If the outcome is negative, apply the VID-specific tests. On negative outcome discard the VMWE candidate.
  не искам и да чуя don't want to even hear to oppose strongly → и да чуя is a VP
  will sagen want to say that is to say
  έχω να κάνωhave to doconcern
  to let go
  to make do
  querer decir to_want to_say to mean
  n.a.
  laisser tomber let fall to give up
  vouloir dire want say to mean
  τυγχάνουσι ἐρχόμενοιtugkhanousi erkhomenoi get.3PL go.PTC they happen to go
  pustiti koga živjeti to let someone live not to bother someone, znati raditi to know to work to be capable
  lasciar andare to_let go to unhand
  voler dire want say to mean
  wil zeggen want to say that is to say
  dać komuś żyćto let someone livenot to bother someone
  można wytrzymaćone can standthe situatiion is reasonably good
  querer dizer want say to mean
  ouvir falar hear speak to know/remember vaguely
  n.a.
  n.a.
  може бити može biti can beit is possible though unlikely
• Adposition (preposition or postposition, as opposed to a particle) - in step 3 of the annotation process adpositions are not annotated unless they introduce a lexicalized dependent. Adpositions are covered optionally and experimentally in the post-annotation step (step 4), following the inherently adpositional verb (IAV) guidelines.
  разчитам на to rely on
  излизам със to come out with
  . Modern Greek does not have IAV expressions
  to come across
  to rely on
  confiar en to_trust in to trust in entender de to_understand of to know about
  n.a.
  –– This category does not apply to Ancient Greek.
  izlaziti s kim to go out with someone
  confidare su to_trust in to trust in intendersi di to_understand of to know about
  behoren tot to belong to
  conta pe count on
  n.a.
• Extended nominal phrase (possibly including modifiers, prepositions, postpositions or case markers) - apply LVC tests. If the outcome is negative, apply the VID-specific tests. On negative outcome discard the VMWE candidate.
  زيارة ب قام make a visit → ب زيارة is a noun phrase composed of preposition and a noun
  ритам камбаната kick the bell to die → камбаната is a noun phrase composed of a single noun
  давам зелена светлина give green light to allow → зелена светлина is a noun phrase composed of an adjective and a noun
  ставам на кайма turn into mince to be destroyed → на кайма is a prepositional phrase composed of a preposition governing a noun
  die Nase rümpfen the nose wrinkle turn up one's nose at sth. → die Nase is a noun phrase composed of a determiner and a noun
  in Kraft treten into
  κάνω μία ευχήkano mia efchi make a wish to make a wish → μία ευχή is a noun phrase composed of a determiner and a noun
  δίνω εξηγήσειςdino exigisis give explanations to explain → εξηγήσεις is a noun phrase composed of a single plural noun
  to make a wish → a wish is a noun phrase composed of a determiner and a noun
  to take turns → turns is a noun phrase composed of a single plural noun
  pedir un deseo →un deseo is a noun phrase composed of a determiner and a noun
  entrar en vigor→en vigor is a prepositional phrase composed of a preposition and a noun
  kontuan hartu into-account take to take into account → the NP, kontuan, is composed of a noun (kontu), a determiner (a) and a postposition (-n)
  urratsak egin steps do to take steps → the NP, urratsak, is composed of a single plural noun (urrats+ak)
  τὴν ἴσην χάριν αποδίδωμιtēn isēn kharin apodidо̄mi the same gratitude.ACC give.1SG I show the same gratitude → τὴν ἴσην χάριν is an NP composed of a DP and an adjective
  doći do zaključkato come to conlusion, to conclude→ do zaključka in doubt is a prepositional phrase composed of a preposition governing a noun
  prendere in considerazione take into account → in considerazione is a prepositional phrase composed of a preposition and a noun
  rompere il silenzio to break the silence → il silenzio is a noun phrase composed of an article and singular noun
  mettere radici → radici is a noun phrase composed of a single plural noun
  een wandeling maken to take a walk → een wandeling is a noun phrase composed of a determiner and a noun
  te koop zetten to put for sale → te koop is an extended noun phrase composed of a preposition and a noun
  in aanmerking komen in comment come to qualify → in aanmerking is an extended noun phrase composed of a preposition and a noun
  podjąć decyzjęto take a decision→ decyzję decision is a nominal phrase composed of a single noun
  chodzić prostą drogą to go (on) a straight road.INST to avoid complications → prostą drogą(on)a straight road is a noun phrase composed of an adjective and a noun in (instrumental)
  bujać w obłokach to swing in the cloudsto fantasize→ w obłokach in the clouds is a prepositinal phrase composed of a preposition and a noun
  tomar banho to take a shower → banho is a noun phrase composed of a single noun
  a rupe tăcerea to break silence the to start talking → tăcerea is a noun phrase composed composed of a single noun
  a face baie to do bathto take a shower → baie is a noun phrase composed of a single noun
  biti v dvomih to be in doubts to doubt→ v dvomih in doubts is a prepositional phrase composed of a preposition governing a noun, klicati jelene to call cerfs to vomit → jeleni cerfs is a noun phrase composed of a single plural noun
  узети маха узети маха to take swing/moment to spread→ маха maha swing/moment is a nominal phrase composed of a single noun
  дати часну реч dati časnu reč to give an honorable word to promose firmly → часну реч časnu reč (honorable word is a noun phrase composed of an adjective and a noun in (accusative)
  пасти на ум некоме pasti na um nekome to drop on one's mind to get an idea→ на ум na um on mind is a prepositinal phrase composed of a preposition and a noun
• (Hindi-specific) Adjective which is morphologically identical to an eventive noun: Apply the LVC tests. If the outcome is negative, apply the VID-specific tests. On negative outcome discard the VMWE candidate.
• Adjective: Apply the VID-specific tests. On negative outcome discard the VMWE candidate.
  излизам сух от водата to come out dry from the water to avoid taking responsibility
  одирам жив skin alive to make somone suffer
  гоня дивото chase the wild.ADJ to take risks → дивото is a substantive
  rot sehen to see red
  τα βάφω μαύρα them-NE.PL.ACC paint-1.SG black-NE.PL.ACC be very sad
  to stand firm, to see red
  me las vi negras me the saw black I saw myself in trouble
  ponerse negro put.self black to get/become irritated
  poner verde put green to criticise (someone)
  zuriak eta beltzak aditu white and black hear to hear all sorts of things
  voir rouge to see red to be very angry
  ostati svoj to stay one's own to be consistent
  vedere nero to see black
  blauw zien van de kou to be blue/perished with the cold
  zwartrijden black drive to take a ride without a ticket
  zrobić swojeto do one's ownto do what one is supposed to do
  pensar grande to think big
  a vedea roșu to see red
  a o face lată to CL.ACC make wideto party
  narediti svojeto do one's ownto do what one is supposed to do
  бити зелен biti zelen to be greento be young, unexperienced
• Adverb: Apply the VID-specific tests. On negative outcome discard the VMWE candidate.
  изваждам наяве take out in the open to uncover
  хващам натясно catch in a tight place to coerce, to pressure
  φέρω βαρέωςfero vareos bring heavily to resent
  to get well
  caer bien fall well to be liked by
  alferrik galdu uselessly get-lost to ruin, to spoil
  καλῶς εἶχενkalо̄s eikhen beautifully have.IMPF.3SG he was well
  dobroproći to go well to be successful
  fare passi avanti to_make steps forward to make progress
  beter worden to get well
  chcieć dobrze to want wellto have good intentions
  robić komuś dobrze to do someone.DAT wellto please someone
  źle/marnie skończyć badly finishto come to a bad end
  cair bem fall well to be appropriate
  a se face bine to himself make well to get well
  a face bine to make well to help
  obrniti se na bolje to turn for better to be better, iti predaleč to go to far to demand to much or to do something inappropriate
  добро доћи dobro doći to come wellto be useful
  боље рећи bolje reći to say better to say in other words, more precisely
• Pronoun: Apply the VID-specific tests. On negative outcome discard the VMWE candidate.
  мързи ме (it feels) lazy me.ACC to be lazy
  τα καταφέρνωta kataferno them achieve to make it
  την πατάωtin patao her step-on to fail
  to make it
  jugársela play.self.it to risk it
  elkar hartu each-other take to get on with somebody, to agree
  suarekin jolasean ibili with-fire playing be to play with fire
  le faire it make to be enough/successful
  farcela to make it to manage
  het maken it make to be successful
  No example found in Polish
  dá-lhe João! give to him/her, João! show them what you got, João!
  a o coti CL.ACC.F.3SG turn to turnwith the non-anaphoric feminine clitic 'o' functioning as an expletive
  imeti ga pod kapo to have him under one's hat to be drunk, mahniti jo to hit her to start going (somewhere)
  n.a.
• Verb with lexicalized dependents including fully lexicalized clauses: Apply the VID-specific tests. On negative outcome discard the VMWE candidate.
  السيف العذل سبق The sword preceded the blamesaid when someone do something without thinking and regret it
  не мога да кажа две думи на кръст cannot say two words on a cross to not be able to speak or express oneself
  правя сам да си говори make someone talk to himself to drive someone crazy
  ανοίγω τον ασκό του Αιόλουopen the bag of Aeolus open the bag of Aeolus to open the floodgates
  και οι τοίχοι έχουν αυτιάke i tichi echun aftia and walls have ears everyone might be listening
  to make ends meet, to know on which side the bread is buttered
  
  hacer de tripas corazón make of intestines heart to pluck up the courage
  dejar con la miel en los labios to_leave with the honey in the lips leave (sb) wanting more
  dar gato por liebre to_give cat for hare to rip off, to take for a ride
  n.a.
  okretati se kako vjetar puše to turn how the wind blows to be inconsistent
  sbarcare il lunario to_land the living to make ends meet
  non avere peli sulla lingua do not have hair on the tongue to be outspoken
  
  lachen als een boer die kiespijn heeft laughing on the other side of his/her face/mouth
  wiedzieć, co w trawie piszczy to know what in the grass squeaks to know what is going on, to be well informed
  vedeti, koliko je ura to know what the time it is to realize the truth
  знати у ком грму лежи зец знати у ком грму лежи зец I know in which bush the rabbit lies to know what is going on, to be well informed
• Other: Apply the VID-specific tests. On negative outcome discard the VMWE candidate.

The aim of this test is to determine which category-specific identification tests should be applied. Note that for the VMWE candidates having the structure of a meaning-preserving variant, the test should be applied to their canonical form instead. This is required because there may be no verb or the verb may not be the syntactic head in such variants.

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