Annotation guidelines (version 2.0)
Used by the corpora annotated for multiword expressions

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Tests for nominal MWEs (NMWEs)

If the DIST test has allowed us to decide that the MWE candidate has a nominal distribution, the status of this candidate (as NID, PronID, NV or non-MWE) is to be checked by the decision diagram below. This diagram has a unique entry point and the tests should be applied in the defined order. Each test is clickable and explained with examples in the sections below.

The role of the first 3 tests, NMWE.1, NMWE.2 and NMWE.3 is to eliminate a candidate if it is a named entity (or a definite description).

The tests below are ordered from more specific ones to more generic ones. Specific tests are those that can be more clearly formulated and answered. Hence, they have priority over subsequent tests that rely on less formalised notions. In practice, however, it turns out that specific tests are often not applicable to some NMWE classes, and more generic tests (e.g. LEX) are required. As a consequence, generic tests, appearing towards the end of the list, may end up being used quite frequently.

Decision tree for nominal MWE candidates

• Apply test NMWE.1 - [SPECIF-REF: Candidate refers to a specific entity?]
• Apply test NMWE.2 - [NAMING-CONV: Naming convention applies to the whole class?]
• Apply test NMWE.3 - [SEM-TYPE: Person, organization, location, product or event?]
• It is a proper name or a definite description, not an MWE, exit
• It is not a proper name, continue to test NMWE.4
• It is not a proper name, continue to test NMWE.4
• It is not a proper name, continue to test NMWE.4

• Apply test NMWE.4 - [DEVERBAL: Candidate derives from a VMWE?]
• It is an NV.VID, NV.LVC.full, etc., depending on the outcome of the VMWE tests, exit.
• Apply test NMWE.5 - [PRON: Candidate on the list of MWE pronouns?]
• It is a PronID, exit.
• Apply test NMWE.6 - [CRAN: Candidate contains a cranberry word?]
• It is an NID, exit.
• Apply test NMWE.7 - [IRREG-STRUCT: Irregular syntactic structure?]
• It is an NID, exit.
• Apply test NMWE.8 - [MORPH: Regular morphological change ⇒ unexpected meaning shift?]
• It is an NID, exit.
• Apply test NMWE.9 - [MODIF: Modification of a component prohibited?]
• It is an NID, exit.
• Apply test NMWE.10 - [COORD: Coordination prohibited?]
• It is an NID, exit.
• Apply test NMWE.11 - [SYNT: Regular syntactic change ⇒ unexpected meaning shift?]
• It is an NID, exit.
• Apply test NMWE.12 - [HEAD: Semantic head is hypernym?]
• It is an NID, exit.
• Apply test NMWE.13 - [LEX: Regular replacement of a component ⇒ unexpected meaning shift?]
• It is an NID, exit.
• It is not an MWE, exit

Test NMWE.1 - [SPECIF-REF] - Specific reference

In the given context, does the candidate refer to one or more specific entities, rather than being used generically?

• It might be a proper name, go to test NMWE.2
(OEG) 𓋾𓈎𓄿𓄣𓃀 Ḥḳꜣ-ꞽb The ruler (Ḥḳꜣ) of the heart (ꞽb) Heqaib (Urk. I 132, 4) → A proper name.
John Smith showed up unexpectedly - John Smith refers here to a single specific person
Many Johns Smiths live in London → Johns Smiths refers to several specific persons
He used the cold weapon hidden under his coat → cold weapon refers to a specific weapon
The two cold weapons were found at the place of the crime → cold weapon refers to several specific weapons
The theory of relativity was proposed by Einstein → there is only one theory of relativity, so it must be single and specific
the UN Secretary-General visited Greece → at the moment of writing there is only one UN Secretary-General (so he/she must be single and specific)
Universal Dependencies is a collection of treebanks - Universal Dependencies refers to a single specific collection of treebanks and there is only one such collection
I ate a cold lunch - cold lunch refers to a specific meal
René Descartes est un philosophe français R. D. is a French philosopher → René Descartes refers to a single specific person
Le (café) Descartes the (café) Descartes → le (café) Descartes refers to a specific place
Il cachait une/l' arme blanche sous le manteau He was hiding a/the cold weapon under his coat → arme blanche has a(n) (in)definite specific reference
Le Secrétaire général de l'ONU est en visite officielle en Grèce The secretary general of the UN is in visit official in Greece The UN Secretary-General is officially visiting Greece → 'Secrétaire général' de l'ONU is specific at the moment of writing
Ξενοφῶν ἈθηναῖοςXenophōn Athēnaios Xenophon, the Athenian Xenophon.NOM.sg.m Athenian.NOM.sg.m
Il Mar Nero si trova tra Europa e Asia. The Black sea is between Europe and Asia Black Sea → Mar Nero refers to a specific geographical entity
Il Segretario Generale dell’ONU ha rilasciato la dichiarazione. → Segretario Generale refers to a specific person
La teoria della relatività fu formulata da Einstein. → teoria della relatività refers to a specific theory
Maja Kowalska nie ma tu konta Maja Kowalska has no account here - Maja Kowalska refers here to a single specific person
Dwie Maje Kowalskie mają tu konta Two Majas Kowalska have accounts here - Maje Kowalskie refers two two specific persons
Posłużył się białą bronią przyniesioną w torbie He used the white weapon brought in his bagHe used the cold weapon brought in his bag → biała broń refers to a specific weapon
W pobliżu znaleziono kilka białych broni Nearby several white weapons were found Nearby several cold weapons were found →białe bronie refers to several specific weapons
paradox Banacha i Tarskiego został opisany w 1924 roku the Banach-Tarski paradox was described in 1924 → there is only one Banach-Tarski paradox (so it must be single and specific)
Sekretarz stanu w Ministerstwie Cyfryzacji the Secretary of State at the Ministry of Digitalization→ at the moment of writing there is only one such secretary
Anonimowi Alkoholicy spotykają się w czwartki Anonymous Alcoholics meet on Thursdays - Anonimowi Alkoholicy Anonymous Alcoholics refers to a single specific organization
Zjadłam zimny obiadI ate a cold lunch - zimny obiad refers to a specific meal
Виктор Иго је француски писац Viktor Igo je francuski pisac Victor Hugo is a French wirter → Виктор Иго Viktor Igo refers to a single specific person
Провалник је био наоружан хладним оружјем Provalnik je bio naoružan hladnim oružjem The burglar was armed with a cold weapon → хладно оружје hladno oružje has a(n) (in)definite specific reference
Генерални секретар УН Generalni sekretar UN The UN Secretary-General → Генерални секретар УН Generalni sekretar UN is specific at the moment of writing
• It is not a proper name, continue to test NMWE.4
(OEG) 𓇓𓏏 𓆤𓏏 nsw - bꞽtꞽ The king of Upper Egypt (𓇓𓏏) and Lower Egypt (𓆤𓏏). The king of Egypt (PT 776a, P) → For the meaning of nsw-bꞽtꞽ see Schenkel, Das Wort für 'König' (von Oberägypten), 1986.
A cold weapon is a weapon that does not involve fire or explosions → cold weapon is used generically, i.e. refers to all instances of a class
Cold weapons are prohibited on a plane → cold weapons is used generically, i.e. refers to the whole class
I avoid cold lunches - cold lunches is used generically, i.e. refers to all instances of the class
The UN Secretary-General is the chief administrative officer of the United Nations →UN Secretary-General is used generically, i.e. refers to the whole class
Une arme blanche est accessible A bladed weapon is accessible → arme blanche has a generic and non-specific interpretation.
J'évite de porter une chemise blanche I avoid wearing a white shirt → chemise blanche does not refer to a specific occurrence
μεγὰς βασιλεύςmegas basileus the great king the king of Persia great.NOM.sg.m king.NOM.sg.m
Le carte di credito sono un mezzo di pagamento. → carte di credito is used generically, i.e. refers to the whole class
Biała broń na ogół służy do walki wręcz White weapon is usually used in hand-to-hand combatCold weapon is usually used in hand-to-hand combat → biała broń white weapon cold weapon is used generically, i.e. refers to the whole class
Białe bronie są zabronione na pokładzie White weapons are forbidden onboardCold weapons are forbidden onboard → białe bronie white weapons cold weapons is used generically, i.e. refers to the whole class
dyskusja o moralnych aspektach gospodarki rynkowej discussion about ethical aspects of the market economy - gospodarka rynkowa market economy is used generically
Nie lubię zimnych obiadów I don't like cold lunches - zimne obiady cold lunches refers to all instances of a class

Test NMWE.2 - [NAMING-CONV] - Concept naming convention

Does the naming convention between the candidate c and an entity e refer to all instances of a whole semantic class? In other words, can c refer to another entity e' based on the properties of e’, with no need of an extra naming convention?

• It is not a proper name, go to test NMWE.4
(OEG) 𓇓𓏏 𓆤𓏏 nsw - bꞽtꞽ The king of Upper Egypt (𓇓𓏏) and Lower Egypt (𓆤𓏏). The king of Egypt (PT 776a, P) → Different people were nsw-bꞽtꞽ during the history of Egypt. For the meaning of nsw-bꞽtꞽ see Schenkel, Das Wort für 'König' (von Oberägypten), 1986.
He used the cold weapon hidden under his coat → if another entity e' occurs which has the same properties as the one in this sentence (it is a weapon that does not use explosives or fire), e' can be called cold weapon with no need of an extra naming convention
The two cold weapons were found at the place of the crime → if another entity e' occurs which has the same properties as the ones in this sentence (it is a weapon that does not use explosives or fire), e' can be called cold weapon with no need of an extra naming convention
the UN Secretary-General visited Greece → at a different moment in time, there can be another person e' playing the same role, so she/he can be called UN Secretary-General with no need for an extra naming convention
I ate a cold lunch → if another entity e' occurs which has the same properties as the one in this sentence (it is a lunch which is cold), e' can be called cold lunch with no need of an extra naming convention
Il a utilisé l'arme blanche cachée sous le manteau He used the cold weapon hidden under his coat → if another entity e' occurs which has the same properties as the one in this sentence, e' can also be called arme blanche with no need of an extra naming convention
Le Secrétaire général de l'ONU a un mandat de 5 ans The UN Secretary-General has a five-year term →any e' may be designated by c with no extra conventions, as long as it occupies the function c
μεγὰς βασιλεύςmegas basileus the great king the king of Persia great.NOM.sg.m king.NOM.sg.m
La strada statale era bloccata per lavori.
Ha pagato con una carta di credito.
Posłużył się białą bronią przyniesioną w torbie He used the white weapon brought in his bagHe used the cold weapon brought in his bag → if another entity e' occurs which has the same properties as the one in this sentence (it is a weapon that does not use explosives or fire), e' can be called biała broń white weaponcold weapon with no need of an extra naming convention
W pobliżu znaleziono kilka białych broni Nearby several white weapons were foundNearby several cold weapons were found → as above
Sekretarz stanu w Ministerstwie Cyfryzacji the Secretary of State at the Ministry of Digitalization→ at a different moment in time, there can be another person e' playing the same role, so she/he can be called Sekretarz stanu w Ministerstwie Cyfryzacji the Secretary of State at the Ministry of Digitalization with no need for an extra naming convention
Zjadłam zimny obiadI ate a cold lunch → if another entity e' occurs which has the same properties (it is a lunch which is cold), e' can be called zimny obiadcold lunch with no need of an extra naming convention
Клинички центар Klinički centar Clinical center →any e' may be designated by c with no extra conventions, as long as it performs the function c
Председник Републике Александар Вучић је изјавио...Predsednik Republike Aleksandar Vučić je izjavio... President of the Republic Aleksandar Vučić said... → at a different moment in time, there can be another person e' playing the same role, so she/he can be Predsednik Republike President of the Republic with no need for an extra naming convention
• It could be a proper name, continue to test NMWE.3. Note that the answer might be no in two cases:
• The is no other e' in the concept denoted by the candidate
(OEG) 𓇓𓏏𓉐 pr-nsw king's (nsw) house (pr) The palace, the royal administration (Urk. I 251, 1) → there is no other e' which could be called pr-nsw.
The theory of relativity was proposed by Einstein → there is no other e' which could be called theory of relativity
Universal Dependencies is a collection of treebanks - there is no other e' which could be called Universal Dependencies refers to a single specific collection of treebanks and there is only one such collection
Il Segretario Generale dell’ONU dirige l'apparato burocratico.
paradox Banacha i Tarskiego został opisany w 1924 roku the Banach-Tarski paradox was described in 1924 → there is no other e' which could be called paradox Banacha i Tarskiego
Anonimowi Alkoholicy spotykają się w czwartki Anonymous Alcoholics meet on Thursdays → there is no other e' which could be called Anonimowi Alkoholicy Anonymous Alcoholics
• There could be another e' in the same class as e but the naming convention does not apply to it
(OEG) 𓋾𓈎𓄿𓄣𓃀 Ḥḳꜣ-ꞽb The ruler (Ḥḳꜣ) of the heart (ꞽb) Heqaib (Urk. I 132, 4) → A proper name.
John Smith showed up unexpectedly - given another person e', we are not able to deduce that his name is John Smith based just on the properties of e'; we need to be aware of an extra naming convention which assigns e' his name
Many Johns Smiths live in London →- as above
Άρειος πάγοςAreios pagos district devoted to Ares Areopagus devoted.to.Ares.NOM.sg.m district.NOM.sg.m
Molti Mario Rossi vivono a Milano. → Mario Rossi is a proper noun and there is no naming convention that is applicable.
Maja Kowalska nie ma tu konta Maja Kowalska has no account here - given another person e', we are not able to deduce that her name is Maja Kowalska based just on the properties of e'; we need to be aware of an extra naming convention which assigns e' her name
Dwie Maje Kowalskie mają tu konta Two Majas Kowalska have accounts here →- as above

Test NMWE.3 - [SEM-TYPE] - Semantic type

Is the entity e referred to by the candidate c a PERSON, ORGANIZATION, LOCATION, HUMAN PRODUCT or EVENT?

• The candidate is a proper name or a definite description, not an MWE, exit.
(OEG) 𓇓𓏏𓉐 pr-nsw king's (nsw) house (pr) The palace, the royal administration (Urk. I 251, 1) → location.
theory of relativity → a theory is a human product
Universal Dependencies → a treebank collection is a human product
Einstein's mother → definite description
Black Sea → location
René Descartes → a PERSON
l'Organisation des nations unies → an ORGANISATION
Charante-Maritime →a LOCATION
le Petit Robert →a HUMAN PRODUCT
la Nuit Blanche → an EVENT
Άρειος πάγοςAreios pagos district devoted to Ares Areopagus devoted.to.Ares.NOM.sg.m district.NOM.sg.m
Ξενοφῶν ἈθηναῖοςXenophōn Athēnaios Xenophon, the Athenian Xenophon.NOM.sg.m Athenian.NOM.sg.m
Mar Nero → location
Mario Rossi → person
Organizzazione delle Nazioni Unite → organisation
Dizionario Treccani → human product
Anonimowi Alkoholicy spotykają się w czwartki Anonymous Alcoholics meet on Thursdays → organization
Hołd pruski 1525 Prussian Tribute 1525 → event
Morze Martwe Dead Sea → location
Zygmunt III Waza Sigismund III Vasa → person
Закон акције и реакцијеZakon akcije i reakcije The Law of Action and Reaction
• It is not a proper name, continue to test NMWE.4
(OEG) 𓅓𓎕 𓄣 𓈖 𓇓𓏏𓈖 mḥ ꞽb n(.ꞽ) nsw the-one-who-fills (mḥ) the heart (ꞽb) of (n(.ꞽ)) the king (nsw) The king's confidant (Urk. I 190, 11) → an office or an epithet is not a proper name.
quantum physics → a domain of knowledge is not a human product
Alzheimer's disease → a disease is not a human product nor an event
sécurité routière
linguistica computazionale → a domain of knowledge
demenza senile → a disease is not a human product
paradox Banacha i Tarskiego został opisany w 1924 roku the Banach-Tarski paradox was described in 1924 → a paradox is not a human product

Test NMWE.4 - [DEVERBAL] - Deverbal NMWE

Does the candidate contain a deverbal noun and can the candidate be rephrased (in the given context) using a verbal expression which passes the VMWE tests?

• It is a deverbal nominal MWE (NV), with the corresponding VMWE subcategory, e.g. NV.VID, NV.LVC.full, etc.
(OEG) 𓅓𓎕 𓄣 𓈖 𓇓𓏏𓈖 mḥ ꞽb n(.ꞽ) nsw the-one-who-fills (mḥ) the heart (ꞽb) of (n(.ꞽ)) the king (nsw) The king's confidant (Urk. I 190, 11) = > mḥ nb (⸗ꞽ) ꞽb ⸗f ꞽm (⸗ꞽ) '(My) (⸗ꞽ) lord (nb) filled (mḥ) his (⸗f) heart (ꞽb) with (ꞽm) (me) (⸗ꞽ)' 'My lord trusted me' → It is an NV.LVC.full.
He is a quick decision maker => He makes decisions quickly - make decision is an LVC.full, so decision maker is an NV.LVC.full
Sa prise en compte de mes remarques => Il prend en compte mes remarques - prend en compte is a VID, so prise en compte is an NV.VID
Elle est preneuse de notes pour sa camarade => Elle prend des notes pour sa camarade - prend des notes is an LVC.full, so preneuse de notes is an NV.LVC.full
La déclaration de guerre est autorisée par le Parlement The declaration of war is authorized by Parliament → déclarer la guerre à NP is a VID. déclaration de guerre (à NP) is an NV.VID, argument of the verb autoriser.
τῇ προσέξει τοῦ νοῦtē prosexei tou nou the paying of attention the.DAT.sg.f paying.DAT.sg.f the.GEN.sg.m attention.GEN.sg.m
È proprio un guasta feste, non si diverte mai. party spoiler buzzkill → guastare le feste is a VID. guasta feste is a NV.VID
La presa in considerazione dell'evento è stato importante
wykonawca prac podał termin => Ten, kto wykonuje prace podał termin - wykonuje prace is an LVC.full, so wykonawca prac is an NV.LVC.full
była to zabawa jego kosztem => bawili się jego kosztem - -bawili się jego kosztem is a VID, so zabawa jego kosztem is an NV.VID
rzut oka na text => rzuciłam okiem na tekst - rzuciłam okiem is a VID, so rzut oka is an NV.VID
хватање прикључкаhvatanje priključka caching connection catching up→ хватати прикључак hvatati priključak to catch a connection to catch up is a VID, so хватање приључка is an NV.VID
• Continue to the next test
this mountain is a widow maker this mountain is very dangerous - make a widow loses the idiomatic reading, so widow maker is not an NV
la mise en bière putting into beer putting the body of a dead person into the coffin - mettre en bière loses the idiomatic reading, so mise en bière is not an NV
Il porta voce ha letto la dichiarazione. voice carrier spokesperson - portare la voce loses the idiomatic reading, so porta voce is not a NV
dyskusja o moralnych aspektach gospodarki rynkowej discussion about ethical aspects of the market economy => gospodarować rynkowo to manage market-wise is not a verbal MWE, so gospodarka rynkowa market economy is not an NV (but it is an NMWE)
zrobić coś za Bóg zapłaćto do something for God-payto do something for free => zrobić coś licząc, że Bóg za to zapłacito do something counting on God to pay it back - Bóg zapłaciGod will pay is not a verbal MWE, so Bóg zapłaćGod-payis not an NV (but it is an NMWE)
był działaczem ruchu robotniczegohe was an activist in a workers' movement => działal w ruchu robotniczymhe acted in a workers' movement is not a VMWE, so działacz ruchu robotniczegoactivist in a workers' movement is not an NV

Test NMWE.5 - [PRON] - Pronoun

Does the candidate occur on the closed list of MWE pronouns or should the list be extended with this candidate? Such lists need to be established for each language separately. Care should be taken about distinguishing PronIDs from DetIDs.

• It is a pronominal idiom (PronID)
(OEG) 𓅱𓌡𓏤 𓊪𓈖 𓇋𓅓 𓎡 wꜥ pn ꞽm(.ꞽ) ⸗k this (pn) one (wꜥ) who-is-in (ꞽm(.ꞽ)) you (⸗k). This one who is in you. (PT 254a)
I saw just a few
I expect no one to come
we love each other
je ne suis pas capable de manger quoi que ce soit I am not able to eat what that this be I cannot eat anything
Je n'ai vu qui que ce soit I not have seen whoever it be.SUBJV.3.SG I didn't see anyone (ProID) → 'qui que ce soit' is a pronominal idiom.
ὅ τιho ti which anything that which.NOM.sg.n anything.NOM.sg.n
Non mi aspetto di fare niente di niente oggi.
powtarzał ciągle to samo he repeated always this the same he repeated always the same
zawiniłam samej sobie I.am.guilty alone myself I'm guilty myself
• Continue to the next test
I saw just a few examples - here a few is a determiner, not a pronoun
there is no one right way to tell the story - no one is not a pronoun here but two determiners
J'achète n'importe quel livre I buy whichever book I buy any book → n'importe quel is a DetID
Un libro vale l'altro.
powtarzał ciągle to samo zdanie he repeated always the same sentence - to samo is not a pronoun but a determiner
to samo się rozwiąże this alone itself will solve this will solve itself - to samo is not a complex pronoun but a simple pronoun to and an adjective samo
dyskusja o moralnych aspektach gospodarki rynkowej discussion about ethical aspects of the market economy - gospodarka rynkowa market economy is not a pronoun but a nominal phrase

Test NMWE.6 - [CRAN] - Cranberry word

Does the candidate expression contain a cranberry word?

• it is a nominal idiom (NID)
cranberry → cran is not a standalone word (= 'cranberry' word)
status quo → foreign words like 'status' and 'quo' are considered cranberry words
kith and kinfreinds and relations → 'kith' is not a standalone word
helter-skelter tall tower at a fun-fair → 'helter' and 'skelter' do not exist alone outside this expression
riff-raff ill-behaved people → 'raff' does not exist alone outside this expression
cha-cha(-cha) ballroom dance performed with small steps and swaying hip movements → 'cha' does not exist standalone
casus belli → foreign words like 'casus' and 'belli' are considered cranberry words
méli-mélo confused mixture → 'méli' and 'mélo' are not stand-alone words
frou-frou rustling → 'frou' does not exist outside of this compound
loup-garou werewolf → 'garou' is not a stand-alone word
pont-levis drawbridge → 'levis' is not a stand-alone word
cha-cha-cha ballroom dance performed with small steps and swaying hip movements → 'cha' is not a stand-alone word
bric-à-brac bric-à-brac → 'brac' is not a standalone word (cf. de bric et de broc (AdvID))
di riffa e di raffa → riffa and raffa do not exist alone outside this expression
casus belli → foreign words like 'casus' and 'belli' are considered cranberry words
a iosa → 'iosa' does not exist outside this expression
a sbafo → 'sbafo' does not exist outside this expression
tran tran → 'tran' is not a stand-alone word
przodkowie z gatunku homo erectus ancestor from species homo erectus ancestors from the homo erectus species - 'erectus' is not a standalone word in Polish
dziś wydaje się to jeszcze science fiction today it still looks like science fiction - 'science' and 'fiction' are not stand-alone words in Polish
odnośnie mass mediów concerning mass media - 'mass' is not a standalone word in Polish
• Continue to the next test
eager beaver → both ‘eager’ and ‘beaver’ are stand-alone words
café-tabac café and tobacco shop → both 'café' and 'tabac' stand-alone words
È un cane sciolto, non risponde a nessuno. lone dog
dyskusja o moralnych aspektach gospodarki rynkowej discussion about ethical aspects of the market economy - both 'gospodarka' economy and 'rynkowa' market-related are standalone words

Test NMWE.7 - [IRREG-STRUCT] - Irregular syntactic structure

Does the candidate have an internal syntactic structure which is irregular for its distribution, i.e. it does not have a structure of a nominal.

• It is a nominal idiom (NID)
(OEG) 𓇓𓏏 𓆤𓏏 nsw - bꞽtꞽ The king of Upper Egypt (𓇓𓏏) and Lower Egypt (𓆤𓏏). The king of Egypt (PT 776a, P) → The juxtaposition of two nouns with a single meaning is unusual in Old Egyptian. For the meaning of nsw-bꞽtꞽ see Schenkel, Das Wort für 'König' (von Oberägypten), 1986.
secretary(-)general → N(-)Adj
double-bind dilemma → Adj-V
a hold-up → V-Adv
fast day → V-N
love-hate relationship → V-V N
round about → V-Adv
(une) louise-bonne Louise-good Louise-bonne pear → N.proper-Adj
(un) porte-manteau support-coat coat-rack → V-N
monte-charge raise load goods lift → V-N
(un) franc-parler frank-talk frankness → Adj-V
(un) à-coup at-strike juddering → Preposition-N
un franco tiratore
il caro prezzi
rapporto amore-odio
• Continue to the next test
(OEG) 𓌴𓐙 𓐍𓂋𓊤 𓆑 mꜣꜥ-ḫrw ⸗f The rightness (mꜣꜥ) of his (⸗f) voice (ḫrw). His justification (PT 316d, W) → Both nouns are used in the direct genitive.
general secretary
segretario generale fishing tour
dyskusja o moralnych aspektach gospodarki rynkowej discussion about ethical aspects of the market economy - gospodarka rynkowa market economy has a regular nominal syntactic structure N-Adj

Test NMWE.8 - [MORPH] - Morphological inflexibility

Does a regular morphological change that would normally be allowed by general grammar rules lead to ungrammaticality or to an unexpected change in meaning?

• It is a nominal idiom (NID)
(OEG) 𓌴𓐙 𓐍𓂋𓊤 𓆑 mꜣꜥ-ḫrw ⸗f The rightness (mꜣꜥ) of his (⸗f) voice (ḫrw). His justification (PT 316d, W) → mꜣꜥ-ḫrw is usually used in singular (Wb. II 16); *mꜣꜥ.w-ḫrw.w is unattested and certainly ungrammatical.
bits and pieces → #bit and piece
(the) grass roots → #grass root
She invested in real estate → She invested in *real estates
(du) pain perdu bread lost French toast → *un/des pain(s) perdu(s)
(des) vacances d'hiver vacations of winter winter vacation → *vacance d'hiver
(une) respiration mécaniquement assistée respiration mechanically assisted mechanical ventilation → *respirations mecaniquement assistées
un lieto fine → *lieti fine
la tavola rotonda → *tavole rotonde
dom dziecka house of a child orphanage → #dom dzieci
• Continue to the next test
(OEG) 𓇋𓐍𓅓 𓋴𓎡 ꞽ:ḫm-śk(.w) The-one-who-cannot (ꞽ:ḫm) perish (śk(.w)) The circumpolar star (PT 148a, W) → ꞽ:ḫm(.w)-śk(.w) (PT 149c, W) "those who cannot perish" i.e. "the circumpolar stars".
light year → light years
année-lumière → années-lumière
ἔργῳ καὶ λόγῳergō kai logō in word and deed deed.DAT.sg.n and word.DAT.sg.m --> pluralisation is possible
anno luce → anni luce
w nowoczesnej gospodarce rynkowej in a modern market economy→ we wszystkich nowoczesnych gospodarkach rynkowych in all modern market economies

Usual modifications for [MORPH] include inflecting content words in the candidate for gender, number, case, etc. - depending on the target language's morphology.

Test NMWE.9 - [MODIF] - Prohibited modification

Does one of the lexicalized components of the candidate prohibit a modification (by adjectives, relative clauses, adverbs, determiners, PPs, etc.) which would be considered grammatical in a regular construction of the same syntactic structure? In other words, can you think of such a modification which would normally be allowed but which here leads to ungrammaticality or to an unexpected change in meaning?

• It is a nominal idiom (NID)
(OEG) 𓇋𓐍𓅓 𓋴𓎡 ꞽ:ḫm-śk(.w) The-one-who-cannot (ꞽ:ḫm) perish (śk(.w)) The circumpolar star (PT 148a, W) → A modification of ꞽ:ḫm in this NMWE is unattested and certainly ungrammatical (Wb. I 125, 14).
cold war → #very cold war
(a) state-of-the-art → #mental state-of-the-art, #state-of-the-fine-art
starting blocks → #starting to run blocks
rowing machine → *rowing slowly machine
runner bean → #slow runner bean
(un) fait divers fact diverse various news items → *un fait tout à fait divers
(un) livre d'or book of gold guestbook → *un livre de mon frère d'or, *un livre de cet or
(une) table ronde table round round-table discussion → #une table très ronde
(une) lettre recommandée letter recommended registered letter → #une lettre recommandée par mon voisin
ἔργῳ καὶ λόγῳergō kai logō in word and deed deed.DAT.sg.n and word.DAT.sg.m
la Guerra Fredda → *una guerra molto fredda
lo stato dell'arte → *lo stato della vera arte
słyżby bezpieczeństwa services of security security services - #służby powszechnego/naszego/całkowitego bezpieczeństwa
środki masowego przekazu means of mass transfer mass media - #służby bardzo masowego oficjalnego przekazu
• Continue to the next test
(OEG)
ich efektem była gospodarka rynkowa they resulted in a market economy → ich efektem była gospodarka całkowicie rynkowa they resulted in a true market economy

Test NMWE.10 - [COORD] - Prohibited coordination

Does coordination of the candidate with another candidate of the same head lead to ungrammaticality or to an unexpected change in meaning?

• It is a nominal idiom (NID)
blackberry → *bleu and blackberry
foul line → *foul and side lines
a can of worms → *a can of worms and tuna
un rat de bibliothèque rat of library bookworm → *rat(s) de bibliothèque et d'hôtel
un esprit critique spirit critical critical mind → #un esprit critique et frappeur
un pot à épices jar of spices spice jar → *pot à épices et à lait
un topo da biblioteca → *un topo da biblioteca e da libreria
• Continue to the next test
forward roll → forward and backward roll
navire de guerre ship of war warship → navire de guerre et de commerce
pot à eau jug at water water jug → pot à eau et à lait
nave da guerra → nave da guerra e da commercio
porta interna → porta interna ed esterna
podstawowe prawa gospodarki rynkowej basic laws of the market economy → podstawowe prawa gospodarki rynkowej i nierynkowej basic laws of the market and non-market economy, mutanci gospodarki rynkowej i leninowsko-maoistowskiej mutants of the market and lenino-maoist economy

Test NMWE.11 - [SYNT] - Syntactic inflexibility

Does another regular syntactic change that would normally be allowed by general grammar rules lead to ungrammaticality or to an unexpected change in meaning?

• It is a nominal idiom (NID)
(OEG) 𓇋𓐍𓅓 𓋴𓎡 ꞽ:ḫm-śk(.w) The-one-who-cannot (ꞽ:ḫm) perish (śk(.w)) The circumpolar star (PT 148a, W) → [ꜥ.wt]{t} ⸗f ꞽ:ḫm.t-śk(.w) (PT 530b, T) 'limbs which cannot perish' i.e. 'the imperishable limbs'. If ꞽ:ḫm-śk(.w) is used as an adjective following a noun, it literally means 'imperishable'.
hot dog → #a dog that is hot
a dog’s breakfast a mess → #breakfast of dog
hard shoulder emergency lane → #a shoulder that is hard
le cuir chevelu leather hairy scalp → #le cuir qui est chevelu
les sciences naturelles natural sciences → #les sciences qui sont naturelles
un capro espiatorio → un capro che espia
il cuoco capelluto → il cuoio che è capelluto
rzut wolny free throw free kick - #wolny rzut free throw
stan wojenny war state martial law - #stan wojny state of war
• Continue to the next test
gospodarka rynkowa i socjalne państwo market economy and a social state → gospodarka rynku i socjalne państwo market economy and a social state, rynkowa gospodarka i socjalne państwo market economy and a social state

Test NMWE.12 - [HEAD] - Semantic head

Is the semantic head h of the candidate c its hypernym, which can be reformulated by "is c a type of h"? Note that sometimes the syntactic and semantic heads do not coincide.

• It is a nominal idiom (NID))
(OEG) 𓍛 𓊪𓋴𓆓𓏏𓅆 ḥm-pśč̣.t The majesty (ḥm) of the light (pśč̣.t) Pelican (PT 226a, W) → It is not a majesty, but a pelican.
white elephant → It is not a type of elephant, it is a valuable possession
red herring → It is not a type of sea fish, but it suggests an idea of a misleading clue
a square peg (in a round hole) someone who does not fit in → It is not a peg but a person
una falsa pista → it is not a type of 'pista'
una testa calda → it is not a type of "testa"
wymiar sprawiedliwości measurement of justice justice - it is not a type of measurement but an institution
osobowość prawna legal personality legal person - it is not a type of personality
manna z nieba manna from heaven miracle - it is not a type of manna
• Continue to the next test
student teacher teacher-in-training →a student teacher is both a student and a teacher
a bunch of flowers→ these are flowers (here the semantic head 'flowers' is different from the syntactic head 'bunch')
cordon bleu cord blue master chef → It does not refer to an object but to a person
un nuage de lait cloud of milk a dash of milk → It does not refer to a type of cloud but to a small quantity (of milk)
moulin à paroles mill at words blabbermouth → It does not refer to a type of mill but to a person
mazzo di fiori
studente lavoratore
milowy krok one-mile step important event - it is a kind of a step (in the metaphorical sense)
gospodarka rynkowa market economy - it is a type of economy
ruch oporu movement of resistence resistance movement - it is a type of a movement

Test NMWE.13 - [LEX] - Lexical inflexibility

Does a regular replacement of one of the components by related words taken from a relatively large semantic class lead to ungrammaticality or to an unexpected change in meaning??

• It is a nominal idiom (NID)
(OEG) 𓇋𓐍𓅓 𓋴𓎡 ꞽ:ḫm-śk(.w) The-one-who-cannot (ꞽ:ḫm) perish (śk(.w)) The circumpolar star (PT 148a, W) → ꞽ:ḫm(.w)-ꞽw.t (PT 367a, W) 'those who don't know the reeds'. The meaning of this expression is not a "circumpolar star".
value judgment a personal evaluation of value → #importance judgment, #cost/price judgement but cost assessment, price evaluation
chain reaction → #chain change(s)
deep water → #profound water
vicious circle → vicious cycle but #vicious sphere/round/ring...
vanity case → vanity box but #arrogance/narcissism/self-admiration box/case
boarding pass → boarding card but #bording ticket/voucher/document/...
globe-trotteur → *sphère-trotteur
tête de lard head of lard stubborn → *tête de graisse, *chef de lard
peine perdue effort lost fruitless effort → *peine égarée
mauvaise/méchante langue bad mouth → #bonne/gentille langue
ἔργῳ καὶ λόγῳergō kai logō in word and deed deed.DAT.sg.n and word.DAT.sg.m --> cannot replace e.g. with πρᾶγμα pragma and ἔπος epos
reazione a catena
circolo vizioso
pole karne penalty field penalty area - #pole karania field of punishing, #obszar karny penalty area
milowy krok one-mile step important event - #kilometrowy krok one-kilometer step
gospodarka rynkowa market economy - #gospodarka handlowa/komercyjna/targowa economy of trade/commerce/market
ванредна седницаvanredna sednica extraordinary session →#нередовна седница, #непланирана седница
• It is not an MWE, exit
vicious person/dog/attack...
personal/professional... judgement
deep anxiety/love/conversation...
grande/vive/profonde...peine deep sorrow/intense grief
mauvaise odeur/habitude/surprise... bad smell/habit/surprise
méchant garçon/professeur/marchand... mean boy/teacher/merchant
giudizio personale
ruch oporu movement of opposition resistence movement - #ruch/organizacja/ugrupowanie sprzeciwu/opozycji/opozycyjny/protestu/protestacyjny/kontestacji

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